This paper discusses the method of formative rules for firstorder term rewriting, which was previously defined for a higher-order setting. Dual to the well-known usable rules, formative rules allow dropping some of the term constraints that need to be solved during a termination proof. Compared to the higher-order definition, the first-order setting allows for significant improvements of the te...

The purpose of this research is to investigate how teachers and students implement OCF in speaking for EFL students. This aims at figuring out reviewing the process, implementation, preferences teaching-learning classroom by applying a type assessment; that oral corrective feedback (OCF). English needs have an assessment as it becomes crucial affects from diagnostic test final test. Speaking sk...

Received: 3 October 2005 Accepted: 3 October 2005 ‘Life is a mess.’ Such were the wise words once imparted to me by my vastly erudite professor of the history of religion, Jonathan Z Smith at the University of Chicago. I knew them to be ‘true’. Even in my infancy as a scholar, I was repelled by the geometrification of human experience and drawn instead to the philosophers of the messy: Husserl,...

It is now an established fact that the learning cycle greatly enhanced by timely and effective feedback. Formative assessment has become indispensable vehicle to facilitate student engagement in feedback process, even if they do not recognise are receiving This paper, based on winning entry Institution of Structural Engineers Excellence Engineering Education Award 2020, presents a review some f...

This paper presents a formative measurement model for Social CRM technology use from an organizational perspective. The current literature measures the usage of Social Media technologies (e.g., Facebook) and single Social CRM features (e.g., information generation) with reflective indicators, but does not provide a structured approach, which would generate deeper insights into this research fie...

Objective: We present findings from the initial phase of our collaborative design process to build handheld, formative assessment tools for teachers. Specifically we report on 1) a survey of the variety of teacher-level data collection processes in the school, and 2) the early tool-prototyping process. Background: Prior work demonstrated the important role played by formative feedback systems. ...

This paper reviews the corpus of research on feedback, with a particular focus on formative feedback—defined as information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify the learner’s thinking or behavior for the purpose of improving learning. According to researchers in the area, formative feedback should be multidimensional, nonevaluative, supportive, timely, specific, credible, infr...

Over the past two decades, many issues concerning Black and minority ethnic (BME) communities’ access to equitable, culturally sensitive services and interventions in the UK have been highlighted (Littlewood 1982; Fernando 1988, 1991; Bhui 1999, 2002; Bhugra 2001a; National Institute for Mental Health in England 2003; Department of Health 2005a,b). Frantz Fanon was one of the earliest Black psy...

Formative, also called asymmetric, cell divisions produce daughter cells with different identities. Like other divisions, formative divisions rely first of all on the cell cycle machinery with centrally acting cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their cyclin partners to control progression through the cell cycle. However, it is still largely obscure how developmental cues are translated at the ...

This paper reports on a project involving the development and formative evaluation of an interactive World Wide Web-based learning tool. The interactive graphing tool (IGT) permits students to sketch a graph on screen using a mouse and responds to a wide range of common graph types. The IGT facilitates an iterative approach to understanding graphical representations of knowledge by actively inv...