KDD is an inherently statistical activity, and there has been considerable literature which draws upon statistical science. However, the usage has typically been vague and informal at best, and at worst of a seriously misleading nature. The present paper seeks to take a first step in remedying this problem by pairing precise mathematical descriptions of the concepts in KDD with practical interp...

Mining class-imbalanced data is a common yet challenging problem in data mining and machine learning. When the class is imbalanced, the error rate of the rare class is usually much higher than that of the majority class. How many samples do we need in order to bound the error of the rare class (and the majority class)? If the misclassification cost of the class is known, can the costweighted er...

present paper is devoted to stress and deformation analyses of heated variable thickness functionally graded (fg) circular plate with clamped supported, embedded on a gradient elastic foundation and subjected to non-uniform transverse load. the plate is coupled by an elastic medium which is simulated as a winkler- pasternak foundation with gradient coefficients in the radial and circumferential...

Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is an inherently statistical activity, with a considerable literature drawing upon statistical science. However, the usage has typically been vague and informal at best, and at worst of a seriously misleading nature. In addition, much of the classical statistical methodology was designed for goals which can be very different from those of KDD. The present ...

For several decades, economists have used the annual demand for trips in order to measure the nonmarket value of recreation sites. Two features of trip demand functions complicate their estimation: trip demand is nonnegative and occurs in integer quantities. The fact that trip demand cannot be negative results in a censored (at zero) data set; failure to account for censoring leads to biased es...

The foundation framework for underground spatial data aims to establish the platform for the underground spatial data sharing and integrating. The reasons lie in that: a) the long-term development of city construction has accumulated abundant underground spatial data and information; b) the development and utilization of city underground space demands for clear, detailed and visualized comprehe...

the philosophical-theosophical theory of “the first designation” is macro-theory about instant of “phenomenon existence” and the formation of emanation of multiplicities from the unique. this subject is one of fundamental and hardest problems in “islamic mysticism”. since ibn-arabi is the father of theoretical mysticism in islamic world and so his view about one-ness existence is the foundation...

socio-political metatheories based on ontological and epistemological foundations, could be devided to different objectivist and subjectivist fronts. according to such a devide, different interpretation of individual-society and agent-structure could be renderd. in contrast,critical metatheories that seek to transcend the contradiction between objectivity-subjectivity in the individual-society ...

decision support systems (dsss) are prevalent information systems for decision making in many competitive business environments. in a dss, decision making process is intimately related to some factors which determine the quality of information systems and their related products. traditional approaches to data analysis usually cannot be implemented in sophisticated companies, where managers need...