This paper presents rectangular, fractal and proximity coupled patch antennas on a two layer substrate with the air-gap. The antennas have been designed on εr = 2.2, h = 1.5748 mm with initial dimension 49 x 41.01 mm of simple rectangular patch. The simulated resonant frequency of rectangular patch is 2.42 GHz. The fractal antenna and the Fractal antenna with Layered Stack shows the multi band ...

Image compression is an essential technology in multimedia and digital communication fields. Fractal image compression is a potential image compression scheme due to its potential high compression ratio, fast decompression and multi resolution properties. Fractal image compression utilizes the existence of self symmetry of images. Since Bransley gave the concept of fractal image compression in ...

A new method for estimating fractal dimension of tree crowns from digital images is presented. Three species of trees, Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb & Zucc), Hicks yew (Taxus × media), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), were studied. Fractal dimensions of Japanese yew and Hicks yew range from 2.26 to 2.70. Fractal dimension of eastern white pine range from 2.14 to 2.43. The differe...

Fractal image coding has been used successfully to encode digital grey level images. Especially at very low bitrates fractal coding performs better than transform coding. Up to now fractal coding was mainly used for still images. In literature some proposals for fractal video coding schemes can be found, but in all cases two-dimensional contraction operators are used. In this paper we propose a...

one of the important aspects of soil is, knowing the relationships between spatial features of soil and quantity in statistical model. the goal of this research is to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity by regression and co-active neuro-fuzzy inference system (anfis) with using the parameters of bulk density, real density, porosity, fractal dimension of particle size, and clay percent, si...

In this paper, the transformation function used in fractal image compression is chosen in such a way that its unique fix point is a close approximation of the input image. Compression occurs because storing the details of the image transform also known as encoding takes up much less space than the original image. Decompression or decoding involves applying the transform repeatedly to an arbitra...

Fractal, which means broken or irregular fragments, was originally coined by Dr B. Mandelbrot in the year the 1970. Fractals describe a family of complex shapes that possess an inherent self-similarity in their geometrical structure usually in nature, since the pioneering work of Mandelbrot and others, a wide variety of applications for fractals has been found in many branches of science and en...

Model-based diagnostic reasoning often leads to a large number of diagnostic hypotheses. The set of diagnoses can be reduced by taking into account extra observations (passive diagnosis), measuring additional variables (probing) or executing additional tests (sequential testing/test sequencing). In this paper we combine the above approaches, as well as from Automated Test Pattern Generation (AT...

Digital photography is a promised method for estimating the fractal characteristics of leaf veins. In this study, the effects of different threshold levels and image processing methods using Adobe Photoshop software on the fractal dimension values were examined from a digital photo of nectarine leaf. The results showed that the nectarine leaf vein has typical fractal characteristics and its fra...

Fractal geometry has sparked considerable interest for analyzing remote sensing imageries. Fractal models have been used in several image processing and pattern recognition applications such as texture analysis and classification. Applications of fractal geometry in remote sensing rely heavily on estimation of the fractal dimension (D). When land areas are clustered into groups of similar land ...