In recent years, bean common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) has caused serious yield losses in several countries. CBB is considered mainly a foliar disease in which symptoms initially appear as small water-soaked spots that then enlarge and become necrotic and usually bordered by a chlorotic zone. Xap epiphytic population community has a critical role...

current study was carried out with aim to evaluate the effect of pressurized irrigation methods and furrow irrigation method with municipal effluent on distribution of salinity and moisture in the soil profile. the experimental study was designed by split plot layout with three irrigation methods including furrow, surface drip (sd) irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation (ssd) and two water q...

Spatial variability in crop production occurs as a result of spatial and temporal variations in soil structure and fertility; soil physical, chemical and hydraulic properties; irrigation applications; pests and diseases; and plant genetics. It is argued that this variability can be managed and the efficiency of irrigation water use increased by spatially variable application of irrigation water...

investigation of various irrigation methods and intercropping are effective strategies for increasing water use efficiency and improve crop production. a field experiment conducted to study the effects of alternate furrow irrigation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage corn with annual alfalfa cropping under its canopy in ilam climate conditions. experiment carried out as a...

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is applied to 400000 irrigated hectares annually in the USA to control irrigation-induced erosion, yet the fate of dissolved PAM applied in irrigation water is not well documented. We determined the fate of PAM added to furrow streams under two treatments: Initial-10, 10 mg L(-1) PAM product applied only during the initial hours of the irrigation, and Cont-1, 1.0 mg L(-1) P...

the shortage of fresh water and growing competition for clear water makes less water available for agriculture production. the great chalange for the coming decades will be the task of increasing food  production with less water, particularly in countries  with limited water and land resources. therefore, increasing of irrigation efficienciy and decreasing of water losses are important factores...