Intracellular membrane fusion requires not only SNARE proteins but also other regulatory proteins such as the Rab and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) family proteins. Although neuronal SNARE proteins alone can drive the fusion between synthetic liposomes, it remains unclear whether they are also sufficient to induce the fusion of biological membranes. Here, through the use of engineered yeast vacuoles bearing...

Voltage dependence of fusion induced by class II and class III viral fusion proteins was investigated. Class II proteins from Ross River and Sindbus virus and a mutant class III protein from Epstein Barr virus were found to induce cell-cell fusion that is voltage dependent. Combined with previous studies, in all, four class II and two class III protein have now been shown to exhibit voltage-dep...

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory infection that causes upper airway and severe lower respiratory tract infections. HMPV infection is initiated by viral surface glycoproteins that attach to cellular receptors and mediate virus membrane fusion with cellular membranes. Most paramyxoviruses use two viral glycoproteins to facilitate virus entry-an attachment protein and...

Bacterial expression systems provide economic and logistic advantages in manufacturing proteins for human therapeutic purposes. However, most such proteins accumulate in insoluble biologicaIIy inactive form when overexpressed in bacterial cells. This is the case while attempting to produce recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in E. coli. In this repor...

Background and Aims: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the major pathogen in poultry. Vaccination is intended to control the disease as an effective solution nevertheless this virus is a growing threat to the poultry industry. F gene open reading frame (ORF) from NDV is 1650 bp, encoding a protein of 553 amino acids that can induce protective immunity alone. The F glycoprotein on the surf...

The outer capsid layer of Bluetongue virus, a member of the nonenveloped Reoviridae family, is composed of two proteins, a receptor-binding protein, VP2, and a second protein, VP5, which shares structural features with class I fusion proteins of enveloped viruses. In the replication cycle of Bluetongue virus VP5 acts as a membrane permeabilization protein that mediates release of viral particle...

It was previously reported that truncation or proteolytic removal of the C-terminal 16 amino acids (the R peptide) from the cytoplasmic tail of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) envelope protein greatly increases its fusion activity. In this study, to investigate the specificity of the effect of the R peptide on the fusion activity of viral envelope proteins, we expressed simian immunodeficiency...

lyme borreliosis is a tick-born disease caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. the aim of this research was molecular typing of different strains of b. burgdorferi and protective efficacy of outer surface protein in animal model. seven strains of b. burgdorferi isolated from skin and csf of lyme disease patients were compared using pcr- rflp as well as dna and amino acid sequences. the ...

a generalization of the known results in fusion frames and $g$-frames theory to continuous fusion frames which defined by m. h. faroughi and r. ahmadi, is presented in this study. continuous resolution of the identity (cri) is introduced, a new family of cri is constructed, and a number of reconstruction formulas are obtained. also, new results are given on the duality of continuous fusion fram...