We study the effect of privatizing Medicaid drug benefits on prices and utilization. Drug spending would decrease by 21.3 percent if private insurers administered all benefits. One-third is driven insurers’ ability to negotiate with pharmacies. The remaining two-thirds greater use lower cost drugs, such as generics, only realized in states that give flexibility design Privatization does not red...

Abstract A total of 24 oat genotypes were evaluated across 9 environments using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The combined analysis variance indicated that grain yield was significantly affected by genotype, environment, and genotype environment interaction (GEI). environment's main effect explained 44.62% the variation, whereas GEI captured 28.84% 26.54%, respectively...

The slow-growing genus Bradyrhizobium is biologically important in soils, with different representatives found to perform a range of biochemical functions including photosynthesis, induction of root nodules and symbiotic nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Consequently, the role of the genus in soil ecology and biogeochemical transformations is of agricultural and environmental significance....

We present a model of life-insurance purchase that takes into account the age of the beneficiary. The beneficiaries considered herein are young children with no resources whose consumption needs are protected by purchasing life insurance if the breadwinner dies. We show that income transfer grows as the child ages; however, the size of contingent bequest shrinks because the need for protection ...

Indemnifying smallholder farmers against crop loss is thought to be infeasible due to information problems. Consequently there is interest in developing alternative, partial, insurance products. Examples include rainfall insurance and the limited liability inherent in credit contracts. I argue that while these products may reduce information asymmetry, ambiguity averse farmers struggle to asses...

We show, through local estimates and simulation, that if one constrains simple graphs by their densities of edges and τ of triangles, then asymptotically (in the number of vertices) for over 95% of the possible range of those densities there is a welldefined typical graph, and it has a very simple structure: the vertices are decomposed into two subsets V1 and V2 of fixed relative size c and 1 −...

Compared with non-union workers, union workers take more of their compensation in the form of insurance. This may be because unions choose democratically, and democratic choice mitigates adverse selection in group insurance. Relative to individually-purchased insurance, we show that group insurance chosen by an ideal profit-maximizing employer can be worse for every employee, while group insura...

We analyze recent contributions to growth theory based on the model of expanding variety of Romer (1990). In the first part, we present different versions of the benchmark linear model with imperfect competition. These include the “labequipment” model, “labor-for-intermediates” and “directed technical change”. We review applications of the expanding variety framework to the analysis of internat...

Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976) demonstrated that adverse selection may entail nonexistence of equilibrium in competitive insurance markets. We approach this problem in a dynamic model with boundedly rational insurance rms. Firms' behavior is based on imitation of pro t making contracts, withdrawal of loss making contracts, and experimentation with random contracts. Consumers choose in each peri...