Averaging across observers is common in psychological research. Often, averaging reduces the measurement error and, thus, does not affect the inference drawn about the behavior of individuals. However, in other situations, averaging alters the structure of the data qualitatively, leading to an incorrect inference about the behavior of individuals. In this research, the influence of averaging ac...

We describe a concrete construction of all pushout complements for two given morphisms f : A → B, m : B → D in the category of hypergraphs, valid also for the case where f, m are non-injective. To our knowledge such a construction has not been discussed before in the literature. It is based on the generation of suitable equivalence relations. We also give a combinatorial interpretation and show...

[1] Off-line chemistry and transport models (CTMs) use meteorological information from a general circulation model (GCM) or from a data assimilation system (DAS) to calculate the evolution of stratospheric constituents. Here constituent fields from two CTM simulations are compared with each other and with observations from satellite, aircraft, and sondes to judge the realism of the tropical tra...

It has long been held that the parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone evolved with the emergence of the tetrapods, reflecting a need for new controls on calcium homeostasis in terrestrial, rather than aquatic, environments. Developmentally, the parathyroid gland is derived from the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, and studies in mice have shown that its formation is under the control of a key reg...

Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a block cipher mode of operation widely adopted in many practical applications and standards, such as IEEE 802.1AE and IPsec. We demonstrate that to construct successful forgeries of GCM-like polynomial-based MAC schemes, hash collisions are not necessarily required and any polynomials could be used in the attacks, which removes the restrictions of attacks previousl...

The differentiation of Drosophila embryonic blood cell progenitors (prohemocytes) into plasmatocytes or crystal cells is controlled by lineage-specific transcription factors. The related proteins Glial cells missing (GCM) and GCM2 control plasmatocyte development, whereas the RUNX factor Lozenge (LZ) is required for crystal cell differentiation. We have investigated the segregation process that...

Although glial cells missing (gcm) genes are known as glial determinants in the fly embryo, the role of vertebrate orthologs in the central nervous system is still under debate. Here we show for the first time that the chicken ortholog of fly gcm (herein referred to as c-Gcm1), is expressed in early neuronal lineages of the developing spinal cord and is required for neural progenitors to differ...

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene which produces widespread neuronal and glial pathology. We here investigated the possible therapeutic role of glia or glial products in Huntington's disease using striatal glial conditioned medium (GCM) from fetus mice (E16) continuously infused for 15 and 30 days with osmotic minip...

During neural development of Drosophila melanogaster, Glial Cells Missing (GCM), functions as a binary switch that promotes glial cell fate while simultaneously inhibiting the neuronal fate. Sequence similarities between GCM and the recently identified mouse protein mGCMa are strictly limited to the aminoterminal DNA-binding domain. Here we show that mGCMa efficiently activates transcription in...

During Drosophila neurogenesis, glial differentiation depends on the expression of glial cells missing (gcm). Understanding how glial fate is achieved thus requires knowledge of the temporal and spatial control mechanisms directing gcm expression. A recent report showed that in the adult bristle lineage, gcm expression is negatively regulated by Notch signaling ( Van De Bor, V. and Giangrande, ...