L-colitose and d-perosamine are unusual sugars found in the O-antigens of some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella enterica, among others. The biosynthetic pathways for these two sugars begin with the formation of GDP-mannose from d-mannose 1-phosphate and GTP followed by the subsequent dehydration and oxidation of GDP-mannose to yield GDP-4-keto-6-d...

INTRODUCTION The small G-proteins KRas, HRas, and NRas function as GDP–GTP regulated binary switches in many signal transduction pathways that govern cell growth and differentiation. Alternation between the GDP-bound ‘off’ state and the GTP-bound ‘on’ state is controlled by the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) SOS1 and SOS2, which catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP, and by GTPase-ac...

We investigate business cycle dynamics for 26 countries, estimating a set of nonlinear models for real GDP where appropriate. We find a great deal of heterogeneity in the dynamics of real output growth across countries. At the same time, a common feature is the asymmetric response of real GDP to shocks and the tendency for negative real GDP shocks to be less persistent than positive real GDP sh...

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is difficult to sustainably manage. One key issue is the challenge of planning for WEEE flows as current and future quantities of waste are difficult to predict. To address this, WEEE generation and gross domestic product (GDP) data from 50 countries of the pan-European region were assessed. A high economic elasticity was identified, indicating t...

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the interactions between various taxes and GDP, and to detect whether taxes function as an automatic stabilizer in Turkey. Firstly, When using a time series unit-root test as proposed by Dickey-Fuller (1979), econometric findings revealed that taxes and level of GDP are not static. Secondly, upon employing cointegration designed by Johans...

To explore the relationship between the prices of shipping market and China's economy, this paper analyzes the data of BDI and China's GDP from 2000 to 2015. By stabilizing the BDI and GDP data, this paper identifies the one-way causal relationship between the BDI and China's GDP via the granger causality test. The conclusion shows that BDI effects China's GDP positively at rate of 22% by using...

The effects of the guanosine diphosphate esters of 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-mannose (GDP-4FMan) and 4-deoxy-D-mannose (GDP-4dMan) on reactions of the dolichol pathway in chick-embryo cell microsomal membranes were investigated by studies with chick-embryo cell microsomal membranes in vitro and in baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells in vivo. Each nucleotide sugar analogue inhibited lipid-linked oligosacch...

Politicians world-wide frequently promise a better life for their citizens. We find that the probability that a country will increase its per capita GDP (gdp) rank within a decade follows an exponential distribution with decay constant λ = 0.12. We use the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and find that the distribution of change in CPI (GCI) rank fol...

The argument that human society can decouple economic growth-defined as growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-from growth in environmental impacts is appealing. If such decoupling is possible, it means that GDP growth is a sustainable societal goal. Here we show that the decoupling concept can be interpreted using an easily understood model of economic growth and environmental impact. The simp...