During sepsis, a complex network of cytokine, immune, and endothelial cell interactions occur and disturbances in the microcirculation cause organ dysfunction or even failure leading to high mortality in those patients. In this respect, numerous experimental and clinical studies indicate sex-specific differences in infectious diseases and sepsis. Female gender has been demonstrated to be protec...

THETOPIC OF GENDER DIFFERENCES in leadership style has been of great interest to researchers in the fields of psychology, management, and sociology, especially in recent years, as women have begun to assume more leadership positions. This article presents an overview of the research on gender differences in leadership, examines the impact of sex stereotyping, looks at the organizational effects...

Negotiating in a highly competitive environment may prove particularly challenging for women. We describe three experimental studies that investigated and documented differences in the competitive behaviors of men and women.The first study examined gender differences in competitive performances. In a setting in which men and women performed at similar levels in single-sex competitions, men were...

Research on gender differences in creativity, including creativity test scores, creative achievements, and self-reported creativity is reviewed, as are theories that have been offered to explain such differences and available evidence that supports or refutes such theories. This is a difficult arena in which to conduct research, but there is a consistent lack of gender differences both in creat...

E and policymakers have observed gender differences in a number of different domains, including consumption, investment and, perhaps of most concern, in the labor market (see Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn 2000 for a review). It is often hypothesized that these differences are caused by preference differences between the genders. In this article, we review experimental evidence on prefer...

Gneezy [Gneezy, U., 2005. Deception: the role of consequences. American Economic Review 95, 384–394.] recently showed that lying is costly. Using the same experimental design we test whether there is a gender difference in deception. We find that men are significantly more likely than women to lie to secure a monetary benefit. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

is the loss of lens accommodation with age that results in an inability to focus at near distances. It is receiving growing attention because of the recognition that good near vision is needed to accomplish a broad range of tasks, not only reading and writing. Research shows that there are differences between men and women in the prevalence, age of onset, and severity of presbyopia, 1 in the ty...

Gender Differences in Education This paper surveys the trends in gender gaps in education, their causes and potential policy implications. I show that female educational attainment has surpassed, or is about to surpass, male educational attainment in most industrialized countries. These gaps reflect male overrepresentation among secondary school drop-outs and female overrepresentation among ter...

Depression is twice as common in women as in men, although some concern has been raised in terms of misdiagnosing depression in men. The incidence of depression in women varies during the life span. The peak incidence during childbearing years appears to be associated with cyclic hormonal changes. Women also present with reproductive -specific mood disorders: pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (P...

need for cognition scale (ncs) is an instrument for assessing individual’s interest to engage in complex thinking activities and consists both long and short forms. the short form of this scale with 18 items has been used in various researches around the world. the objective of this research was to obtain the factor structure of the persian version of ncs (short form) and study of gender differ...