Testosterone level is low in insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes. Whether this is due to negative effects of high level of insulin on the testes caused by insulin resistance has not been studied in detail. In this study, we found that insulin directly binds to insulin receptors in Leydig cell membranes and activates phospho-insulin receptor-β (phospho-IR-β), phospho-IRS1, and phospho-AKT, leading...

A. The insulin gene 1. Glucose-signaling pathway in pancreas ␤-cells 2. E elements of the insulin gene promoter 3. A elements of the insulin gene promoter 4. Role of the E and A boxes of the insulin gene promoters in glucose-dependent transcriptional regulation 5. Role of the cAMP pathway in glucose responsiveness of the insulin gene promoters B. Transcriptional regulation of glucose-responsive...

This study investigates the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of newly isolated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strains in mature adipocytes. Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells are treated with 10% cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from four autochthonous (wild) (M2.1, C8, C15, P4) paracasei. Glucose consumption, intracellular lipid deposition, lipolysis rates, some gene expressions related to adipocy...

conclusions this study indicated that the optimization of gene transfer increases the expression of igf-1. high concentrations of igf-1, in combination with cell therapy, have a significant effect on wound healing. results in vitro, the maximum expression of igf1 (96.95 pg/ml) in transfected fibroblast cells was 24 hours after gene transfer. in vivo, it was clear that igf-1 gene therapy caused ...