Gene relocation from the residual genomes of organelles to the nuclear genome still continues, although as a scaled down evolutionary phenomenon, limited in occurrence mostly to protists (sensu lato) and land plants. During this process, the structural integrity of transferred genes is usually preserved. However, the relocation of mitochondrial genes that code for respiratory chain and ribosoma...

barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is a model plant, as genetic and physiological studies are concerned. abiotic stresses such as drought adversely affect the growth of plants. the objective of this experiment was to identify the responsive genes to osmotic stress, using macroarray (covering 13050 genes). rna was extracted from 5 barley genotypes in stress as well as in normal conditions at 3 times of...

expansin proteins are a type of cell-wall loosening proteins which able to cell wall expansion in ph-dependent manure without hydrolyze of main cell wall structures. the arabidopsis expa1 exhibit guard cell specific expression and trigger the stomatal movements. the objectives of this study were to transfer the atexpa1 gene into tobacco plants and evaluate their phonotypic effects on transforme...

background: protozoa related to trypanosome family including leishmania , synthesize enzymes to escape from drug therapy. one of them is ptr1 that its enzymatic activity is similar to dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). dihydrofolate reductase - thymidylate synthase has a major role in dna synthesis, if it is inhibited, the result would be the death of parasite. since ptr1 activity is similar to dh...

Variability in the cultivated germplasm for economic traits such as resistance to rice tungro virus, sheathblight, yellow stem borer, drought and salt tolerance is limited. This necessitated search for the genes in secondary and tertiary gene pool of genus Oryza. Fortunately, wild species are an important reservoir ofuseful genes for resistance to major disease, pest and tolerance t...

abstract among synthetic carriers, dendrimers with the more flexible structure have attracted a great deal of researchers' attention in the field of gene delivery. followed by the promising results upon hydrophobic modification on polymeric structures in our laboratory, alkylcarboxylated poly (propylenimine)-based carriers were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of amines with alkyl moiet...

Objective(s): Filamentous bacteriophage M13 was genetically engineered to specifically target mammalian cells for gene delivery purpose. Materials and Methods: A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-specific nanobody was genetically fused to the capsid gene III of M13 bacteriophage (pHEN4/3VGR19). A mammalian expression construct containing Cop-green fluorescent protein (Cop-G...