A high-resolution GC/MS method using the Agilent 7890 GC and the Agilent 5975C Series GC/MSD has been developed and validated for the analysis of potentially harmful ginkgolic acid (GA) species that is superior to current HPLC methods. Ozonolysis was used to identify the position of double bonds in four different unsaturated GA isomers. The 15:1 isomer was dominant in all the plant samples, and...

Ginkgo biloba leaves contain abundant flavonoids, and flavonoid accumulation is affected by age. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the plant aging pathway. However, miRNAs involved biosynthesis related to age G. have rarely been studied. In this study, we compared 1-, 4-, 7-year-old ginkgo seedings found a significant decrease content of quercetin, kaempferol, total flavonol aglycone...

Foliage echoes could play an important role in the sensory ecology of echolocating bats, but many aspects of their sensory information content remain to be explored. A realistic numerical model for these echoes could support the development of hypotheses for the relationship between foliage properties and echo parameters. In prior work by the authors, a simple foliage model based on circular di...

BACKGROUND Dementia is a major and increasing health problem worldwide. This study aims to investigate dementia treatment strategies among physicians specialised in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by analysing prescribing patterns and comparing them to current treatment guidelines in Germany. METHODS Twenty-two primary care physicians in Germany participated in this prospective, ...

In terms of advancement of life to meet the challenges new method for neuropsychopharmacological research are continually developing to ensure superior safety, accuracy, efficacy, precision etc. In this experiment, we suggested and validated two neuropsychopharmacological testing methods, these are Numeral Finding (NF) and Typo Revealing (TR) tests for the determination of attention in healthy ...

Ginkgolides and bilobalide, collectively termed terpene trilactones (TTLs), are terpenoids that form the main active substance of Ginkgo biloba. Terpenoids in the mevalonate (MVA) biosynthetic pathway include acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT) and mevalonate kinase (MVK) as core enzymes. In this study, two full-length (cDNAs) encoding AACT (GbAACT, GenBank Accession No. KX904942) and MVK (Gb...

Molecular phylogenetic studies have not yet reached a consensus on the placement of Ginkgoales, which is represented by the only living species, Ginkgo biloba (common name: ginkgo). At least six discrepant placements of ginkgo have been proposed. This study aimed to use the chloroplast phylogenomic approach to examine possible factors that lead to such disagreeing placements. We found the seque...