Among the patients with Parkinson’s disease, 85% show symptoms of a mild cognitive impairment and 40% develop criteria of dementia. Increased levels of glutamate, noradrenaline and serotonin can be found. Diagrams of neural pathways in the extrapyramidal system and hippocampus and temporal cortex are described and compatible treatments for both syndromes are derived. Besides a conventional trea...

Rats showing disrupted taste aversion due to insular cortex (IC)-lesions received either IC-grafts with NGF, grafts without NGF, or NGF alone. An additional group served as lesioned controls. Only those animals that received IC-grafts with NGF recovered the ability to learn the conditioned taste aversion task, at 15 days post-graft. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the IC-grafts wit...

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CONTEXT Autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, insulin, and zinc transporter-8 are characteristic of type 1 diabetes. They are detectable before clinical onset and define the subgroup of patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Autoantibody assays are increasingly available to clinicians. This article reviews the prognostic significance of autoantibodies and cons...

Objective(s): The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of chloride channel protein 2 (ClC-2) in glutamate-induced apoptosis in the retinal ganglion cell line (RGC-5). Materials and Methods: RGC-5 cells were treated with 1 mM glutamate for 24 hr. The expression of ClC-2, Bax, and Bcl-2 was detected by western blot analysis. Cell survival and apoptosis were measured by 3-(4,5-dimeth...

The dynamic response of microorganisms to environmental conditions depends on the behavior of individual cells within the population. Adverse environments can select for stable stress resistant subpopulations. In this study, we aimed to get more insight in the diversity within Listeria monocytogenes LO28 populations, and the genetic basis for the increased resistance of stable resistant fractio...

Although carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is known to inhibit growth of most bacteria, very little is known about the cellular response. The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is characterized by its ability to grow in high CO(2) concentrations at refrigeration temperatures. We examined the listerial responses of different strains to growth in air, 100% N(2), and 100% CO(2). The CO(2)-induced cha...