CORROSION is a natural process. Just like water flows to the lowest level, all natural processes tend toward the lowest possible energy states. Thus, for example, iron and steel have a natural tendency to combine with other chemical elements to return to their lowest energy states. In order to return to lower energy states, iron and steel frequently combine with oxygen and water, both of which ...

The bioleachings of chalcopyrite ore were compared after inoculating different cultures enriched from the original acid mine drainage sample. The results showed that the higher bioleaching performance was achieved for inoculation with the enrichment D (0.5 % S, 2 % iron and 1 % chalcopyrite) compared to other enrichment systems. The generated ferric precipitation during bioleaching had a key in...

This article discusses the existing calculation of heat for a coal-fired hot-blast furnace. By utilizing the standard method of heat calculation for boilers, considering the relation between the theoretical combustion temperature and the excess air coefficient of the boiler, combining some operational parameters of a coal-fired powder hot-blast furnace, the heat calculation of iron ore concentr...

introduction the lulak abad iron occurrence is located in the northwestern part of the central iran, 55 km west of zanjan. mineralization at the lulak abad area was originally identified by zamin gostar company (2007), during a geophysical exploration. the present paper provides an overview of the geological framework, the mineralization characteristics, and the results of a geochemical study o...