Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which affects whole body systems including reproductive system. Diabetes is also a contributing factor to infertility. Metformin is one of the most common drugs to control hyperglycemia. In this study, 36 adult Sprague-Dawley female rats (170-210 g) were divided into 3 groups (control, diabetic and diabetic-treated by metformin). In second and third groups, diab...

diabetes is a metabolic disorder which affects whole body systems including reproductive system. diabetes is also a contributing factor to infertility. metformin is one of the most common drugs to control hyperglycemia. in this study, 36 adult sprague-dawley female rats (170-210 g) were divided into 3 groups (control, diabetic and diabetic-treated by metformin). in second and third groups, diab...

This review provides an outline of how our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamo-pituitary–gonadal axis has evolved since the publication of Geoffrey Harris’ renowned monograph in 1955. Particular attention is directed to the neurobiology underlying pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus, the neuroendocrine control of ovarian cycles, puberty and seasonality of gon...

the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis is a critical adaptive system that maximizes survival potential in the face of physical or psychological challenge. the principal end products of the hpa axis, glucocorticoid hormones, act on multiple organ systems, including the brain, to maintain homeostatic balance. the brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus is the first brain reg...

Gonadal function is significantly affected in many acute and chronic systemic diseases. As the function of the testes and the ovaries is determined by the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, it is obvious that a systemic disease may affect one or more levels of the axis in such a manner that the gonadal dysfunction may have various clinical and laboratory manifestations. In th...

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a critical role in the control of reproduction. Two key hormonal components of the HPG axis are gonadal steroids and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Gonadal steroids are known to organize the development of neural substrates which control adult reproductive behavior; GnRH is required for normal reproductive structure and function. The p...

background: kisspeptin-gpr54 system stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis; dysfunction of the gene encoding the gpr54 receptor causes hypogonadism and infertility. opioid peptides inhibit the reproductive axis. peptide 234 is a gpr54 receptor antagonist and blocks the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin on hpg axis. objectives: interactions of morphine, kisspeptin and peptide 2...

Bone is emerging as a versatile endocrine organ and its interactions with apparently unrelated organs are being more widely recognized. Osteocalcin (OCN), polypeptide hormone secreted by osteoblasts, has been found to exert multiple functions through metabolically active form, uncarboxylated OCN (uOCN). Mounting evidence shown that following binding G-protein coupled receptor 6a (Gprc6a) in the...