subject was tackled, it was evident that support by gratuitous contributions and work by an unpaid staff did not define a voluntary hospital, for there are many which are supported by funds which are in the nature of payment for services rendered, and some by funds gotten by mass contributions, which are payments for services to be rendered. Also there are many hospitals where the honorary staf...

Suffering—background Clinicians commonly see the alleviation of their patients' suffering as one of the principal aims of their clinical work. Public health specialists adopt a similar view. For example, the World Health Organisation website includes >10,000 references to 'suffering'. Crucially, the alleviation of suffering is not the same as alleviation of symptoms. Some interventions may alle...

To most of us – believers and non-believers alike the possibility a perfect God co-existing with kinds evil that we see calls out for explanation. It is unsurprising, therefore, belief must have justifying reasons allowing all has been perennial feature theistic thought. Recently, however, growing number authors argued existence compatible gratuitous evil. Given powerful, millenia-long sensibil...

wife's daily is one of the financial rightswhich is recognized in fiqh and laws of iran. this is specially mentioned in 3 articles _additional note on article 336 of the civil lawthe article 6 ofamendment to divorce lawfamily protection law 1391 article 29 ofhas refered that to the additional note on article 336 of civil lawaccording to this note, the wife, at any time during the marriage,...

Humans cannot help but attribute human emotions to non-human animals. Although such attributions are often regarded as gratuitous anthropomorphisms and held apart from the attributions humans make about each other's internal states, they may be the product of a general mechanism for flexibly interpreting adaptive behavior. To examine this, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in...

About 10% of mammalian odorant receptors are transcribed in testes, and odorant-receptor proteins have been detected on mature spermatozoa. Testis-expressed odorant receptors (TORs) are hypothesized to play roles in sperm chemotaxis, but they might also be ordinary nasal odorant receptors (NORs) that are expressed gratuitously in testes. Under the sperm-chemotaxis hypothesis, TORs should be sub...