This paper explores the relative contributions made by orthography, syllabic segment, and lexical tone in the word recognition and retrieval process. It also challenges recent assumptions regarding the role of orthography and tones in mental lexicon architecture. Using an implicit priming paradigm, a word recognition experiment was conducted with native speakers of two tonal languages, Chinese ...

Related languages, like English and Spanish, often have similar orthographies but use the same letters to represent different sounds. Learning a second language frequently involves learning additional letter-sound mappings that mismatch those in the native language. In the current study, we investigated whether L2 spoken words activate L2 orthography despite conflict with L1 orthography-to-phon...

Having been colonized by Britain, Ireland was in a very deprived condition for long period, especially poor Catholic Irish. Britain had destroyed Irish civil rights forcing them massive potato plantation merely to fulfill British people’s need food, which caused the great famine and poverty. Written an playwright 1980, is set agricultural land, northern side of Ireland, Brian Friel’s Translatio...

Speculations About the Speculation _ David t Beers / itt t^ r\ 11