Quaternary Caspian Sea level variations depended on geophysical processes (affecting the opening and closing of gateways basin size/shape) hydro-climatological water balance). Disentangling drivers past variation, as well mechanisms by which they impacted is much debated. In this study we examine relative impacts hydroclimatic change, ice-sheet accumulation melt, isostatic adjustment change. We...

An extreme drought occurred from 1876 to 1878 in most regions of northern China, leading a series social impacts, including harvest failures, price inflation, and population migration. Most the Northern Hemisphere concurrently experienced drought. Here, we use reconstructed high-resolution hydroclimatic (Palmer Drought Severity Index/precipitation) datasets investigate seasonal–annual spatial p...

Abstract Long transient simulations of the last deglaciation are increasingly being performed to identify drivers multiple rapid Earth system changes that occurred in this period. Such frequently prescribe temporal variations ice sheet properties, which can play an important role controlling atmospheric and surface climate. To preserve a model’s standard performance simulating climate, it is co...