The buboes generally^ appeared between two to four days from the date of attack and in some instances the appearance of buboes and fever was simultaneous. The above statement will show the different sites of buboes in 167 cases under my treatment and the percentage of cures. In one case the bubo appeared at about the middle of left forearm anteriorly, and in another case at about the middle of ...

timurid era in iran is equivalent to starting the renaissance. black death plague epidemic that is to say, at this time has happened. in one and a half-century timurid rule, several large outbreaks of plague in iran has emerged. the adverse effects of changes in population structure caused many historians point out these conditions in their works.   the literature review shows that, unlike phys...

This chapter contains a brief overview of plague today (current foci, epidemiology, clinical symptoms, causative agent, treatment, and prophylaxis), as seen from the viewpoint of the medical and scientific community. It is not an ‘‘argument’’ but a description of our current observations and understanding of the disease. Three plague pandemics are traditionally described during the Christian er...

F or most people, mention of plague conjures up images of an antiquated threat. Infection by the bacterium Yersinia pestis is most often associated with the infamous Black Death of the Middle Ages, a pandemic that cost Europe a third of its population in the 14th and 15th centuries. 1 Far from being a historic medical curiosity, this zoonotic disease continues to be a threat to the health of hu...

The plague of Athens raged for 4 years and resulted in the defeat of Athens. The cause of the plague of Athens continues to be debated. Infectious diseases most often cited as causes of the plague include influenza, epidemic typhus, typhoid fever, bubonic plague, smallpox, and measles. Thucydides provides the only available description of the plague of Athens. Given the nuances of the translati...

BACKGROUND Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of human plague and is endemic in various African, Asian and American countries. In Madagascar, the disease represents a significant public health problem with hundreds of human cases a year. Unfortunately, poor infrastructure makes outbreak investigations challenging. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS DNA was extracted directly from 93 clinical ...

Plague is a rodent disease transmissible to humans by infected flea bites, and Madagascar is one of the countries with the highest plague incidence in the world. This study reports the susceptibility of the main plague vector Xenopsylla cheopis to 12 different insecticides belonging to 4 insecticide families (carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids and organochlorines). Eight populations from...

Human plague in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania has been a public health problem since the first outbreak in 1980. The wildlife reservoir is unknown and eradication measures that have proved effective elsewhere in Tanzania appear to fail in this region. We use census data from 2002 and hospital records kept since 1986 to describe the temporal, spatial and demographic variation in hum...

An outbreak of plague occurred in the region of Oran, Algeria, from June to July 2003. Algeria had not reported this disease for >50 years. Eighteen bubonic cases were identified, and Yersinia pestis was isolated from 6 patients. Except for the index case-patient, all patients recovered. Targeted chemoprophylaxis, sanitation, and vector control played a crucial role in controlling the outbreak....

Plague ecology is characterized by sporadic epizootics, then periods of dormancy. Building evidence suggests environmentally ubiquitous amebae act as feral macrophages and hosts to many intracellular pathogens. We conducted environmental genetic surveys and laboratory co-culture infection experiments to assess whether plague bacteria were resistant to digestion by 5 environmental ameba species....