The rapid development of the chemical industry, combustion of fossil fuels, and smoking of tobacco have resulted in contact of the general population with benzo(a)pyrene and other carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons. Persons especially at risk occupationally are those engaged in thermal processing of oil shale, coal, and heavy residual petroleum. It has been shown that polycyclic aromatic hydroc...

underground coal gasification (ucg) is a non-conventional method of extracting gas from coal. the primary advantage of ucg is that it recovers gas from uneconomical or unminable coal, potentially increasing the value of the world’s coal reserves by an estimated 70%; for this reason, ucg has been implemented at sites around the world. however, the gaseous, liquid and solid waste streams which ac...

Surface sediments collected from 2001 to 2011 were analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and five heavy metals. The sediment concentration ranges of TPH, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg were 6.3-535 μg/g, 58-332 μg/g, 7.2-63 μg/g, 4.3-138 μg/g, 0-0.98μg/g, and 0.10-0.68 μg/g, respectively. These results met the highest marine sediment quality standards in China, indicating that the sediment was...

Capacitance sensor is a non-intrusive devices used for the void fraction measurement in two-phase flows. formed by two electrodes placed at outside walls of dielectric pipe, through which medium The capacitance depends on geometric arrangement and distribution electrical field, permittivity around pipe. For gas–liquid​ flow, effective between varies due to variation percentage gas liquid In thi...

This study was carried out for remediation of drill cutting soil from two oil field sites in Kurdistan Region Iraq. nanotechnology implemented. Heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and petroleum hydrocarbons (C8-C24, C24-C40, TPH) were analyzed before after soil. The experiment designed. results indicate that the concentration heavy metals (Ni, Cd Cr) within normal range except Pb. result showed removal...

Heavy oil is formed through biodegradation process of hydrocarbons, as well water washing, in which light hydrocarbon fraction disappears and leaves the heavy fraction. essentially an asphaltic, dense (low API gravity), viscous that chemically characterized by its high content asphaltenes oil. Although variously defi ned, 25o set upper limit for Central Sumatra Basin evidently a result washing ...