the concept of virtual water trade refers to transact of the water consumed for production of goods and agricultural products through international trade. the anthony allan introduced this concept to improve global water used efficiency. in this paper, the original theory of allen has been investigated through incorporating virtual water as a factor of production in heckscher-ohlin internationa...

It is hard to believe that factor endowments theory could offer an adequate explanation of international trade patterns. While the theory adequately predicts Saudi Arabian oil exports, it hardly seems appropriate for explaining the revolutionary impact of new technologies on world trade. Yet to take this position is to misunderstand the thrust of recent empirical research in international trade...

The purpose of this research is to study the determinants export, import and overall trade performance. article employed panel gravity model along with analytical approaches fixed-effects, random-effects, Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood (PPML) Heckman selection models. This analysis based on a data set from 1989 2015 (27 years) for total 20 selected largest leather importing partners. finding...

This paper focuses on three unresolved issues with regard to the impact of trade reform. First, many studies linking trade reform to long run growth are surprisingly fragile. To illustrate the problems with this literature, we examine a popular measure of openness w recently introduced by Sachs and Warner Sachs, J., Warner, A., 1995. Economic reform and the process of global integration. Brooki...

I In 1961 Burenstam Linder (1961) rocked the boat of the prevailing Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory by noting that much of international trade, particularly in manufactures, was among similar countries, not between countries with disparate factor endowments (as between rich and poor countries). His explanation was in terms of demand, more trade taking place among relatively rich countries with sim...

This paper analyzes whether and to what extent determinants of comparative advantage have explanatory power for conventional services trade. It assesses the geographical, Heckscher-Ohlin and institutional determinants of services trade based on the literature for goods trade. Moreover, this paper investigates the importance of a country’s governance of regulation as a source of comparative adva...

The Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem predicts whether a country will be a net exporter of services of a certain factor and the volume of the factor content of trade given the country's and the world's factor endowment information. Recent empirical work has documented that the measured factor content of trade is too small compared to the theoretical prediction and named this special pattern o...

Economic globalization causes an increasing international fragmentation (disintegration) of value-added-chains, whereby firms outsource components of production to foreign markets. There is a high level of concern about unwelcome distributional effects. This paper provides a theoretical treatment of this issue within a general Heckscher-Ohlin framework, allowing for an arbitrary number of goods...

This study sets out to capture the effect that environmental policy has on trade and specifically then examining the notion that lax environmental regulations will constitute a basis of comparative advantage, causing the least regulated jurisdictions to specialize in polluting industries. This is done partly by a survey of the empirical literature on this subject and partly by performing an eco...