This paper is the second in a series of three which aims to provide basis for Population-Based Structural Health Monitoring (PBSHM); new technology will allow transfer diagnostic information across population structures, augmenting SHM capability beyond that applicable individual structures. The PBSHM can potentially knowledge about normal operating conditions, damage states, and even physics-b...

The genome of Borrelia burgdorferi encodes a large number of lipoproteins, many of which are expressed only at certain stages of the spirochete's life cycle. In the current study we describe the B. burgdorferi population structure with respect to the production of two lipoproteins [outer surface protein A (OspA) and outer surface protein C (OspC)] during transmission from the tick vector to the...

Conditional correlation networks, within Gaussian Graphical Models (GGM), are widely used to describe the direct interactions between components of a random vector. In case an unlabelled Heterogeneous population, Expectation Maximisation (EM) algorithms for Mixtures GGM have been proposed estimate both each sub-population’s graph and class labels. However, we argue that, with most real data, af...

Why do parasites harm their hosts? The general understanding is that if the transmission rate and virulence of a parasite are linked, then the parasite must harm its host to maximize its transmission. The exact nature of such trade-offs remains largely unclear, but for vertebrate hosts it probably involves interactions between a microparasite and the host immune system. Previous results have su...