The human prefrontal cortex differs from all other mammals: the seat of complex cognition, abstract thinking, planning and future forecasting, and behavioral inhibition. Using our prefrontal cortex is a significant energy drain on the body, so despite its impressive capabilities, it’s daily capacity is limited. Some researchers estimate a mere 2-3 hours per day of activity depletes the pr...

Objective(s): Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play essential roles in various hippocampal functions, including regulation of long-term potentiation, synaptic plasticity, and hippocampal-dependent cognitive process. The objective of this study was to investigate age-related changes in HCN1 and HCN2 protein expressions in gerbil hippoca...

Background: Human tauopathy brain injections into the mouse induce development of tau aggregates, which spread to functionally connected regions; however, features this neurotoxicity remain unclear. One reason may be short observational periods because previous studies mostly used mutated-tau transgenic mice and needed complete study before these developed neurofibrillary tangles. Objective: To...

Abstract Ischemic brain injuries are accompanied by the long-term changes in gene expression hippocampus, limbic system structure, involved regulation of key aspects higher nervous activity, such as cognitive functions and emotions. The altered genes proteins encoded them may be related to development post-ischemic psycho-emotional disturbances. Activation neuroinflammation following stroke hip...

introduction hippocampus is a well-defined brain region involved in learning and memory. in spite of the existing reports on hippocampal-dependent memory impairment due to noise stress, to our knowledge, there is no study on the effect of noise stress on the size of hippocampus. the present study aimed to investigate the likely effects of chronic noise exposure on learning and the size of rat h...

Background Western diet (WD) is a type of nourishment based on ultra-processed foods, rich in simple sugars and saturated fats. Long-term consumption WD may lead to disruption insulin signaling development resistance. It supposed that resistance probable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim this study was verify hypothesis wild mice by checking the effect initiation propagation ma...

adult neurogenesis is a process of producing nerve cells from their progenitor that occurs in some areas in the brain such as the hypothalamus. low activity in this area plays a role in neural degeneration and diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and depression. ms is a neurodegenerative disease with a permanent disability that the main reason for it is axonal degeneration and neuronal...

objective(s):the hippocampus has been implicated in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. prenatal stress is a contributing risk factor for a wide variety of neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia. this study examined long-term effects of prenatal restraint stress on the stereological parameters in the cornu ammonis (ca) of adult male rats as an animal model of schizophrenia. materials a...

objective(s): there are few reports have demonstrated the effect of a change-in-light experience on the structure and function of hippocampus. a change-in-light experience also affects the circadian pattern of melatonin secretion. this study aimed to investigate developmental effect of exogenous melatonin on synaptic plasticity of hippocampus of light deprived rats. materials and methods: the e...

in the present study, the effects of intra-hippocampal microinjections of morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) were investigated in the formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats. orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin (1 %, 50 μl) in the upper lip region and the time spent of face rubbing was measured in 3-min blocks for 45 min. formalin induc...