Human cases of infection due to a novel swine-origin variant of influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (H3N2v) have recently been identified in the United States. Pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity has been recognized as one of the key factors in limiting the infection burden of an emerging influenza virus strain, contributing to restrict its circulation and to mitigate clinical presentation. A...

toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent parasitic infections in world. rh, ned and me49 are of the most prevalent clonal types of the parasite isolated till now. differences in pathogenicity and virulence of different types have been investigated in different studies. no controlled study was performed to compare the ability of different types to initiate humoral immune response. we inves...

introduction: the development of an effective vaccine against hepatitis c virus (hcv) is still a target of intensive vaccine research. the hcv envelope proteins e1 and e2 which can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies are the major candidate for this purpose. different types of expression systems have been used to express these glycoproteins. in this study, an expression system using pichia p...

For many years immune response in leprosy has been studied. Since 1960 several reports dealing with humoral immunity have been described in the literature. Different autoantibody rates occur in leprosy. There is an increase in the prevalence of autoantibodies in elderly patients with long standing disease, in lepromatous leprosy and in those with reactional states. The differences in rates amon...