Fluorous protic ionic liquids (FPILS) containing a perfluorinated anion and hydrocarbon cation have been observed to segregate into nano-scale fluorocarbon, hydrocarbon and polar domains. The solubility and interactions of ethanol and butanol in a series of FPILs has been investigated by synchrotron source small and wide angle X-ray scattering. Nano-scale objects were found to be present within...

Machine learning has proven effective for predicting properties of pure compounds from molecular structures, but mixtures, in particular oil fractions, are rarely dealt with. At best, the bulk estimated based on compound properties, linear mixing rules, and a reconstructed composition feedstock. As detailed such mixtures is well determined often approximated by lumps, accuracy can be improved. ...

Lean fuel/air mixtures with various fuel/fuel ratios between methane and n-butane were supplied to a premixed compression-ignition engine (i.e. homogeneous charge compression ignition engine, HCCI) with or without supplementary gaseous formaldehyde induction as an ignition controlling additive. In the no additive case the methane and butane function as the two fuels in the high/low-octane two-f...

The effectiveness of imploding waves at detonation initiation of stoichiometric ethyleneand propane–oxygen– nitrogen mixtures in a tube was investigated. Implosions were driven by twice-shocked gas located at the end of a shock tube, and wave strength was varied to determine the critical conditions necessary for initiation as a function of diluent concentration for each fuel. Hydrocarbon–air mi...

Chemical characterisation of contaminant mixtures is important for environmental forensics and risk assessment. The great challenge in future research lies in developing suitable, rapid, reliable and objective methods for analysis of the composition of complex chemical mixtures. This thesis describes the development of such methods for assessing the identity (chemical fingerprinting) and fate (...

In the first part of the present research, an R290/R600 mixture was tested as a drop-in substitute in a 20cubic-feet, single-evaporator, autodefrost, topmount, conventional domestic refrigerator/freezer. All the hardware remained the same, only the capillary tube was lengthened to achieve the optimum performance. The best result with an optimized R290/R600 blend was 6% savings compared to the b...