OBJECTIVE To develop a simple system for scoring hygiene in dairy cattle and determine whether hygiene scores were associated with individual cow somatic cell scores (SCSs). DESIGN Observational study. ANIMALS 1,191 cows. PROCEDURE With the aid of a chart containing line drawings and descriptive text, hygiene scores ranging from 1 (clean) to 5 (dirty) were assigned for 5 body areas: tail ...

BACKGROUND Childhood diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nicaragua. Amongst the risk factors for its transmission are 'poor' hygiene practices. We investigated the effect of a large number of hygiene practices on diarrhoeal disease in children aged <2 years and validated the technique of direct observation of hygiene behaviour. METHODS A prospective follow-up study was ...

This small book has been written to meet the requirements of matriculation students in the Punjab and other parts of India, where the subject of elementary hygiene is studied along with a course of physiology. From a perusal of the book, we can say that the authors have carried out their object well. Facts are clearly stated and in the recommendations and advice given, full cognisance of Indian...