PURPOSE: The hypoxia-signaling pathway regulates endochondral ossification, and is critically important for proper modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis following trauma. Although hypoxia inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) and hypoxia inducible factor-2α (Hif2α) are critical mediators of this pathway, the role of these factors in fracture healing remains unclear, particularly wit...

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxin, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond. LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and elicit strong immune responses in animals. Hypoxiainducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to changes...

PURPOSE: The hypoxia-signaling pathway regulates endochondral ossification, and is critically important for proper modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis following trauma. Although hypoxia inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) and hypoxia inducible factor-2α (Hif2α) are critical mediators of this pathway, the role of these factors in fracture healing remains unclear, particularly wit...