OBJECTIVE To estimate the health-related economic costs attributable to smoking in China for persons aged 35 and older in 2003 and in 2008 and to compare these costs with the respective results from 2000. METHODS A prevalence-based, disease-specific approach was used to estimate smoking-attributable direct and indirect economic costs. The primary data source was the 2003 and 2008 China Nation...

This paper investigates the problem of output feedback attitude control for rigid spacecraft subject to inertia matrix uncertainty, space disturbance, and input saturation. Firstly, a model transformation is adopted convert an system with immeasurable angular velocity into new system. All states converted are measurable available feedback; however, contains mismatched uncertainty resulting from...

introduction: medicine is an inseparable link of health chain; a flaw in health process for high expenditures of the medicine or inappropriate access shall certainly bring higher costs in the mentioned procedure. the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the households’ income, geographical access, patients’ direct payment, physician's visit and insured' inpatient rate on the amount of ...

This article explores two neglected questions: (1) Does the relationship between hospital concentration and costs vary between urban and rural markets? and (2) Do hospital costs in non-metropolitan areas vary with rurality? Covariance model results using 1992 data reveal that: (1) Although metropolitan and urban markets exhibit a negative relationship between hospital average costs and market c...

This paper deals with the control law design with an observer for models in the Takagi–Sugeno's (TS) form in the general case where the nonlinearities and the variables involved are not measurable. The proposed observer design method is based on the use of the second method of Lyapunov and the pole placement method. Based on this procedure an algorithm is proposed for stabilisation of permanent...

Is it possible to map the invisible body? In Germany, there is an emerging bio-medical discipline called Bio-Cybernetics which has been measuring the invisible, energy field of the human body. BioCybernetics is a key component of the broader field of Energy Medicine in Europe. It is actually not a new idea but an old concept that has been given a new name. A bio-cybernetic matrix is a modern te...

The potential of marine natural products to become new drugs is vast; however, research is still in its infancy. The chemical and biological diversity of marine toxins is immeasurable and as such an extraordinary resource for the discovery of new drugs. With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it has been much ...

On the basis of the market microstructure theory and the continuous time stochastic volatilitystyle microstructure model, a discrete time stochastic volatility microstructure model with stateobservability is proposed for describing the dynamics of financial markets. From the discrete time microstructure model proposed, estimates of two immeasurable state variables representing the market excess...