Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defence mechanisms consist innate immunity (natural immunity), which mediates initial infections, and adaptive (specific/acquired develops more slowly provides specialized effective infections. The immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms pathogens. body protected by a variety effector ce...

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key regulators of tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and immunity to infections. ILCs rapidly respond environmental cues such as cytokines, microbiota invading pathogens which regulate their function phenotype. Even though rare cells, they enriched at barrier surfaces the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, often critical host’s immune response eliminate pathogens. On o...

Whether or not primary norovirus infections induce protective immunity has become a controversial issue, potentially confounded by the comparison of data from genetically distinct norovirus strains. Early human volunteer studies performed with a norovirus-positive inoculum initially led to the conclusion that primary infection does not generate long-term, protective immunity. More recently thou...

UNLABELLED Particular types of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) and genital tract infections have been independently associated with risk of HIV-1 acquisition. We examined whether immunity in women using injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), combined oral contraceptives (COC), or no HCs differs by the presence of cervicovaginal infections. Immune mediators were quantified in cervica...

Ie immune system plays a central role in .protecting vertebrate organisms against disease. Indeed, immunology, the study of the immune sustem, has played a fundamental role in many striking advances of modern medicine. This discipline relates to a variety of disease states including infections, allergies, autoimmune conditions, organ transplantation, and cancer. Here I would like to discuss two...

Introduction: Hepatitis A is caused by a virus with a similar name. As a very contagious disease, Hepatitis A is one of the most prevalent infant infections across the developing countries. People who have been vaccinated and also those who caught this disease already are immune against hepatitis A. Since it was not possible and cost effective to analyze the immunity level of all asymptomatic c...