Burned patients are at risk of acquiring infection because of their destroyed skin barrier, suppression of immunity, prolonged hospitalization, and invasive therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Most of the studies on infections in burned patients are focused on burn wound infections, while nosocomial device-associated infections in this patient group are not described well. Therefore, the aim...

Diagnosis of infectious diseases remains an important issue in medical science. Identification of biomarkers can be used to predict early infections. Recently, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been known as the conserved compounds expressed under stress conditions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. These proteins act as molecular chaperones. Several studies showed the increased levels o...

Mammalian immune response can be divided into innate and acquired immunity. Furthermore, much evidence has demonstrated that activation of innate immunity is a prerequisite to induction of acquired immunity. This paradigm shift has changed our thinking on the pathogenesis and treatment of infections, immune diseases, allergy, and cancers.

We are continuously fighting with the pandemic of COVID-19 from last 3 years. Also other infections like Common cold, Severely Acute Viral Infections (SARS), Influenza (the flu), Herpes, Tuberculosis, Whooping cough, Pneumonia, Typhoid some very common and recurring in human beings. Having strong immunity destroying main causes various is only option to survive such conditions. It a need get fa...

Mucosal epithelial tissues are exposed to high numbers of microbes, including commensal fungi, and are able to distinguish between those that are avirulent and those that cause disease. Epithelial cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to defend against colonization and invasion by Candida species. The interplay between mucosal epithelial tissues and immune cells is key for control and clearanc...

The cell-mediated and antibody responses to Herpesvirus hominis type 1 were investigated in patients with primary and recurrent herpetic infections. Stimulation of lymphocyte transformation with the virus and the complement fixing antibody titre did not differ significantly between patients and controls. However, macrophage migration inhibition and lymphocyte cytotoxicity were impaired in patie...

Several studies have reported low rates of allergic sensitization and allergies in children exposed to respiratory tract infections [1, 2] or a rural environment [3]. The role of immunity in controlling infections has been well explored in the past, but the longlasting effect of infections on immunity in health and disease is still largely unknown. It is, therefore, important to consider curren...