background: differentiation between the muscularis mucosae (mm) and muscularispropria (mp) of the bladder remains challenging. objective: to identify mm- and mp-specific antigens that could be of potential value for staging of urothelialcarcinomain a pilot study. method: the expression of 12 protein antigens in 11 human bladder specimens was examined. there were 5 post radical cystectomy specim...

indeterminate cell histiocytosis is a very rare disorder of histiocytes proliferation. it has both langerhans and non-langerhans cell histiocytosis immunophenotypic features. we described a 45-year-old man with a 2 years history of multiple yellow-brown papules and a few red nodules on his trunk and extremities. no internal involvement was detected first and after 8 months. as his lesions were ...

the basic pathogenic step in the process of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis is tumor-induced angiogenesis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma by microvascular density (mvd) determination with ihc (immunohistochemistry) method and to determine if and how angiogenesis correlates with clinicopathologic parameters. sixty two archival, paraffin embed...

parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. the motor symptoms of parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain the cause of this cell death is unknown. homocysteine (hcy) is a non-protein amino acid. it is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine. the elevated levels of homocysteine in pl...

background: some recent studies reported human epidermal growth factor receptor (her-2/neu) as a marker that can be used in immunological studies of colorectal carcinoma for predicting the prognosis and the treatment. therefore, we aimed to investigate the frequency of her-2 expression in patients with colorectal cancer, and explore the relationship between clinicopathological prognostic factor...

conclusions regarding the findings of this study, it can be concluded that erα possibly cannot play an important role in the tumorigenesis and prognosis of the investigated malignant salivary gland tumors. results for acc, only one specimen expressed the er, and this was assessed as moderate. no specimens of mec expressed the er. the comparison of er expression between the two groups was not me...

Background Rectal biopsy and its histopathological study with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) is the gold standard for Hirschsprung's disease (HD) diagnosis. However, there are some limitations in the diagnosis of ganglion cells in HE approach. Recently, it was reported that the utility of Calretinin is a reliable ancillary immunohistochemistry (IHC) test for HD diagn...

Introduction: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in pathogenesis of various tumors and possibly malignant skin tumors including malignant melanoma; however, there is not enough information about COX-2 expression in benign melanocytic lesions. In the present study we compared the expression levels of COX-2 in malignant melanoma and benign melanocytic lesions. Method: In this analytical study, ...

objective: estrogen receptor alpha protein status is determined by routine immunohistochemistry analysis in all malignant breast tumors. this assay has its limitations. rna based techniques are potential complements for immunohistochemistry but it must be noticed that gene silencing may occur at different levels from rna to protein. the aim of this study was the comparison of the results from t...

background and objectives: rcc is one of the most common genitourinary cancers. accurate prediction of prognosis would be valuable for adjuvant trial design, counseling and effectively scheduling follow up visits. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene that expresses a protein that involved in both cell-cycle arrests after dna damage and apoptosis. presence of mutated p53 protein in tumors has been rel...