Biological and theoretical evidence suggest that individual neurons may achieve similar outputs by differentially balancing variable underlying ionic conductances. Despite the substantial amount of data consistent with this idea, a direct biological demonstration that cells with conserved output, particularly within the same network, achieve these outputs via different solutions has been diffic...

BACKGROUND A simple, generalizable method for measuring research output would be useful in attempts to build research capacity, and in other contexts. METHODS A simple indicator of individual research output was developed, based on grant income, publications and numbers of PhD students supervised. The feasibility and utility of the indicator was examined by using it to calculate research outp...

In this paper we discuss how cognitive attitudes like beliefs, obligations, intentions and desires can be represented as components with input/output functionality. We study how to break down an agent specification into a specification of individual components and a specification of their coordination. A typical property discussed at the individual component specification level is whether the i...

This paper analyses the impact of using different macroeconomic variables and output decompositions to estimate the euro area output gap. We estimate twelve multivariate unobserved components models with phase shifts being allowed between individual cyclical components. As output decomposition plays a central role in all multivariate models, three different output decompositions are utilised; t...

Thispaperproposes anempirical analysis of several scientists basedon their time regularity, defined as the ability of generating an active and stable research output over time, in terms of both quantity/publications and impact/citations. In particular, we empirically analyse three recent bibliometric tools to perform qualitative/quantitative evaluations under the new perspective of regularity. ...

More than 90% of geniculocortical axons from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus innervate layer 4 (L4) of V1 (primary visual cortex). Excitatory neurons, which comprise >80% of the neuronal population in L4, synapse mainly onto adjacent L4 neurons and layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons. It has been suggested that intralaminar L4-L4 connections contribute to amplifying and refining thal...

This paper summarizes the lasting contribution of Roy's (1950) fundamental paper.

The Impact of Teams on Output, Quality and Downtime: An Empirical Analysis Using Individual Panel Data To investigate the size and the timing of the direct impact of participatory arrangements on business performance, we assemble and analyze extraordinary daily data – for rejection, production and downtime rates for all operators in a single plant during a 35 month period, more than 77,000 obse...