research on pre-task planning has revealed that planned conditions have produced more fluent and complex language than unplanned conditions. to date, most of these studies have investigated the effects of individual planning on language production while collaborative planning has received scant attention. to determine the effects of pre-task planning on second language written production, the p...

This paper studies uncertainty using the ECB Survey of Professional Forecasters’ data. We consider both inflation and real GDP growth forecasts at the micro level and explore forecast uncertainty using two alternative measures, i.e. conventional standard deviation of individual point forecasts and the median values of individual forecasters’ uncertainty, which are based on subjective probabilit...

The specific aims of this study were to: 1) investigate the encoding of forelimb muscle activity timing and magnitude by corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells, 2) test the stability of primary motor cortex (M1) output to forelimb muscles under different task conditions, and 3) characterize input/output relationships associated with different intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) methods. Neuronal reco...