Using tobacco industry documents, we examined how and why the tobacco industry sought to influence science and scientists in Germany as a possible factor in explaining the German opposition to stricter tobacco regulation. Smoking and health research programs were organized both separately by individual tobacco companies and jointly through their German trade organization. An extensive network o...

Rumelt’s (1991) widely cited paper presents estimates of the relative influence of industry, corporate, business unit, and other influences on business unit profitability. He finds corporations explain almost none of the variability in business unit profitability. Using a simultaneous equation model, we provide alternative estimates of the influence of industry and corporation on business unit ...

Expressing spatial information with iconic gestures is abundant in human communication and requires to transform a referent representation into resembling gestural form. This task is challenging as the mapping is determined by the visuo-spatial features of the referent, the overall discourse context as well as concomitant speech, and its outcome varies considerably across different speakers. We...

English intonation can be difficult for L2 speakers to learn, particularly for those whose L1 intonation system works differently from English. This study investigates whether Hong Kong English (HKE) speakers whose L1 is Cantonese have knowledge of the appropriate English intonation patterns in specific contexts. Results from an intonation pattern selection tasks indicate that HKE speakers (n =...

We begin with a review of the upward influence literature. Within the past decade, organizational theory and research have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the upward influence process in organizations. Conspicuously missing from this research literature is information on the relationship between the use of upward influence tactics to gender, Age and type of Industry. The ...

this article aims to identify what and how factors influence management of supply risk in automotive industry supply chain. based on grounded theory and 13qualitative in-depth interviews with 10 managers in iran's automotive industry supply chain, a theoretical framework is developed to examine antecedents and effective factors of this process. this framework suggests a broad range of fact...

Innovation strategy is the basis of success in innovation and performance improvement. This paper represents a model related to the most important innovation strategies which have a significant impact on performance of industries. Then, it examines the relationships between innovation strategies and diversity and development of the performance. So, the empirical research was carried out in Iran...