Empirical evidence shows that biodiversity conservation policies implemented in agriculture sector in many OECD countries have not been environmentally effective nor cost-effective. There are several new policy mechanisms available to improve both environmental effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness, including spatially differentiated payments and conservation auctions. In this paper a theore...

Letter of Credit is an international payment instrument whereby the issuing bank undertakes to pay the beneficiary, against presentation of certain stipulated documents, according to the conditions of the Letter of Credit. Discounting of LC for the short-term financing of the seller, due to the independent and irrevocable undertaking of the bank to make payment, is prevalent. Beneficiary gets t...

Background: Physiotherapy services constitute a principle part of health care systems, and interest in their use has increased in the recent decades.  This study was conducted to investigate the utilization and OOP payment for physiotherapy services in public hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran.    Methods: This cross-sectional study was c...

In the Eastern DRC, coffee farmers combine different sales outlets available to them. Cooperative members sell cooperatives they belong as well informal markets, which include a channel of illegal cross-border smuggling. this conflict affected region, markets persist irrespective presence cooperatives. This paper seeks understand motivating factors sideselling behavior cooperative members. We s...

The issue of the cost containment effects of payment systems on per diem payments by Medicaid to nursing homes is addressed. Estimates of real payment rates as a function of broadly defined payment system classifications and economic and demographic variables using State-level data are presented. Little support for the notion that prospective payment systems substantially restrain payment rates...

The emergence of e-commerce has created new financial needs that in many cases cannot be effectively fulfilled by the traditional payment systems. Recognizing this, virtually all interested parties are exploring various types of electronic payment systems, issues surrounding electronic payment system and digital currency. Broadly, electronic payment systems can be classified into four categorie...

The extraordinary growth of interconnected computer network & pervasive trends of using this network as new field for conducting Business process are stimulating the demand for new payment methods. These new methods attain high level of security, speed, privacy, decentralization & internationalization. This seminar surveys the state of art in payment technology & we proposed model for electroni...