introduction: following a traumatic brain injury (tbi), the excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines is major cause of cerebral edema that can cause permanent neuronal loss. this study examined the changes in brain concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines il-1, il-6, tnf-α and tgf- after different doses of estrogen or progesterone treatment in brain-injured rats at 6 and 24 h post-in...

air in the intracranial vascular compartment is rare and only few case reports are published in the literature. without surgery or open head trauma, the origin of air bubbles in the venous sinus is still debated. we report an admitted patient in the emergency room one hour after a severe closed head injury, and in whom, the post-surgical cranial ct scan demonstrated feature of air embolism alon...

all surgical positions carry some degree of position-related risks. the most common serious positional injuries are peripheral nerve injuries. we present a case of 23 years old man with obturator nerve injury with clinically evident sequelae following a scapulopexy of the right shoulder in prone position. basis on our knowledge, no similar cases have been described in the literature. the purpos...

animal related injuries as most common causes of human morbidity have different pattern by geographical zones. we aimed to explore the main descriptive epidemiology of animal-related injuries in both rural and urban areas in iran. between 2000 and 2004, we collected the data of all the cases of animal related trauma hospitalized for more than 24 hours in eight cities (tehran, mashhad, ahwaz, sh...

background and aim: traumatic subdural hygroma is the accumulation of csf (cerebrospinal fluid) in subdural space following head trauma. the mass effect of hygroma on brain can impinge on consciousness. there are still many ambiguities on indications of hygroma surgery. this is an 11-year follow-up study which involves the patients suffering traumatic subdural hygroma who underwent surgery. met...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none fa microsoftinternetexplorer4 background : erythropoietin (epo) as a major stimulator of red blood cell (rbc) production play a key role on brain protection and have a caring effect on neurons from hypoxic or traumatic injury. the objective of this trial was to study the safety and efficacy of recombinant human epo (rhepo) on level of consciousness and ot...

a case of a transcranial stab wound is presented in which the patient was stabbed in the left temporal bone with a knife which, after traversing the tentorium, passed through the occipital squama and its tip reached the upper cervical area. the subject underwent surgery and was discharged without neurological sequelae. the fundamental principles of management in this specific type of head injur...

a common pathological process that occurred after brain injury is gliosis. gliosis involves the activation of glial cells to proliferate and become hypertrophic to occupy the injured brain areas. in order to form a defense system against the invasion of micro-organisms and cytotoxins into surrounding tissue, glial cells including astrocytes and microglia undergo reactive response to injury. neu...

background: over the years, various types of orthoses have been designed to assist subjects with spinal cord injury (sci) to stand and walk. however, the functional performance of the orthoses has not been adequate, that is, patients experience stability problems, consume excessive energy during ambulation, and generally require assistance in donning and doffing the devices. this research is ai...

background: brainstem hemorrhage was first described by cheyne in 1812 in a pathological study of patients presenting with lethargy and coma. in 1877 bode reviewed the findings of 67 patients reported in the literature (1). in the united states, the incidence of closed head injury is estimated to be approximately 200 cases per 100,000 persons per year. the financial burden of head injuries in t...