Introduction: Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI), the excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines is major cause of cerebral edema that can cause permanent neuronal loss. This study examined the changes in brain concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF- after different doses of estrogen or progesterone treatment in brain-injured rats at 6 and 24 h post...

Background: Following spinal cord injury, reactive astrocytes upregulate chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which act as a barrier to neuronal repair and regeneration. Therefore, enzymatic digestion of CSPGs by chondroitinase ABC (cABC) is a key strategy in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Furthermore, cABC has been shown to attenuate post spinal cord injury inflamma...

Spinal cord injury is a devastating chronic condition resulting in temporary or permanent motor,sensory or autonomic dysfunction of the cord. The manifestation of spinal cord injury based onthe severity and involved areas could be different. Numerous studies have demonstrated thatbradycardia, hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension are present insignificant number ofpat...

Spinal cord injury is a devastating chronic condition resulting in temporary or permanent motor,sensory or autonomic dysfunction of the cord. The manifestation of spinal cord injury based onthe severity and involved areas could be different. Numerous studies have demonstrated thatbradycardia, hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension are present insignificant number ofpat...

from 20 patients with bladder injury due to war trauma, three patients were in critical condition because of extensive bladder injury associated with rectosigmoid injury and septicemia. in these three patients, early supravesical diversion was undertaken using ileal conduit. after stabilization of the patients' condition, undiversion was performed successfully, bringing the patients back t...

introduction: in iran, thousands of young individuals become victims of head injury annually. head injury can damage neuronal cells which may in turn complicate the recovery of the patients. also, the increase of iron in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) following head injury may contribute to the hypoxic-ischemia brain damage by catalyzing the formation of free radicals (harber-weiss rection). the obj...

conceptually traumatic brain injury (tbi) can be classified from a mechanistic perspective as: 1) closed, 2) penetrating, 3) blast, and 4) crush injuries. thus, tbi is a heterogeneous disease and each type of brain injury has different characteristic features often necessitating different approaches to management. the first edition of the guidelines for management and prognosis of penetrating b...

brain injury has a multiple pathophysiology for which there is no definite treatment. in this regard, tissue engineering is one of the probable strategies for repair of damaged tissue. but creating a proper model for testing the engineered products faced some difficulties, specially, when we want to evaluate the effects of a product on the volume of injury. the current brain injury methods coul...

traumatic brain injury (tbi) initiates a cascade of numerous pathophysiological events that evolve over time. despite the complexity of tbi, research aimed at therapy development has almost exclusively focused on single therapies, all of which have failed in multicenter clinical trials. a variety of brain insults, including traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, stroke, and status epilepticus (s...