11 In patterning discriminations, animals have to differentiate a compound stimulus AB from each of its elements A and B. In positive patterning (PP), the compound is reinforced whilst the single elements are non-reinforced. In negative patterning (NP), single elements are reinforced whilst the compound is non-reinforced. Using olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER), w...

SUMMARY Adjustment of a certain parameter in the course of performing a trajectory task such as drawing or gesturing is a common manipulation in pen-based interaction. Since pen tip information is confined to x-y coordinate data, such concurrent parameter adjustment is not easily accomplished in devices using only a pen tip. This paper comparatively investigates the performance of inherent pen ...

This paper presents an evaluation and comparison of four input devices for percussion tasks: a standard tom drum, Roland V-Drum, and two established examples of gestural controllers: the Buchla Lightning II, and the Radio Baton. The primary goal of this study was to determine how players’ actions changed when moving from an acoustic instrument like the tom drum, to a gestural controller like th...

Improving in one aspect of a task can undermine performance in another, but how such opposing demands play out in single cells and impact on fitness is mostly unknown. Here we study budding yeast in dynamic environments of hyperosmotic stress and show how the corresponding signalling network increases cellular survival both by assigning the requirements of high response speed and high response ...

Globalization has increased competition and dynamic nature of business environment, and formation of work groups that collaborate electronically has become common. Electronic brainstorming and polling can be useful for these groups. However, groups that use electronic brainstorming tools can generate a large number of diverse ideas, which can make the input environment complex for the members. ...

We study the effects of input variability on choice reaction time (choice-RT) models under the two-alternative, forced choice paradigm. We test the well known and widely used (by choice-RT models) assumption that slower errors are produced under higher input-strength variability conditions (between blocks of trials). Two experiments, featuring a ‘numerosity task’, are presented. Analysis of the...

In this paper, a review of the role of input, output and instruction in second language acquisition is provided. Several pedagogical interventions in grammar instruction (e.g., processing instruction, input enhancement, structured output and collaborative output tasks) are presented and their effectiveness reviewed. A final and overall evaluation is provided at the end of the paper.

Humans can be instructed verbally to perform computationally complex cognitive tasks; their performance then improves relatively slowly over the course of practice. Many skills underlie these abilities; in this paper, we focus on the particular question of a uniform architecture for the instantiation of habitual performance and the storage, recall, and execution of simple rules. Our account bui...