introduction: many studies have investigated the relationship between motivation and educational outcomes. the present study was conducted to determine whether the students’ motivation in shiraz university of medical sciences (sums) decreases during educational years. methods: 770 students in sums were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling from each field and entrance year. the fir...

MOTIVATION Cellular mRNA levels originate from the combined action of multiple regulatory processes, which can be recapitulated by the rates of pre-mRNA synthesis, pre-mRNA processing and mRNA degradation. Recent experimental and computational advances set the basis to study these intertwined levels of regulation. Nevertheless, software for the comprehensive quantification of RNA dynamics is st...

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a preliminary, speculative statement of a new motivational theory. We propose that motivation for a certain outcome can gradually change in strength over time as a function of whether it is satisfied or frustrated. Specifically, we propose that satisfaction will increase the strength of the motivation, whereas nonsatisfaction will gradually weaken it. T...

This article meta-analytically summarizes the literature on training motivation, its antecedents, and its relationships with training outcomes such as declarative knowledge, skill acquisition, and transfer. Significant predictors of training motivation and outcomes included individual characteristics (e.g., locus of control, conscientiousness, anxiety, age, cognitive ability, self-efficacy, val...

This study investigated the relationship of the attitudes and cultural background of Arab students in Israel to their reading comprehension of stories from Jewish and Arab culture. Participants were 74 eighth-grade Arab students (age 14±15 years) from Israel, learning Hebrew as a second language (L2). An attitude questionnaire, stories from Arab and Jewish culture and multiple-choice questions ...

This study aims to develop a scale determining the extrinsic, integrative, and intrinsic factors that motivate medical students learning English as foreign language in an ESP context. Derived from Gardner Lambert’s socio-educational model (1972) Deci Ryan’s self-determination theory (1985), is based on motivational framework of Noels et al. (2000) which categorizes three main motives intrinsic,...

Willingness to communicate in a second language (L2 WTC) has recently become an important concept across disciplines of second language acquisition (SLA) and communication. It has been proposed that pedagogic goals should be to increase learners’ L2 WTC so as to facilitate language learning. Incorporating the Canadian social psychological approach to L2 learning, extant research has suggested t...

Gardner’s (1985) in his socio-educational model introduced the variable of ‘integrativeness’ as a construct that focuses on English Second Language (ESL) learners’ attitudes towards native community. Later, Yashima (2002) proposed ‘international posture’ an affective re-examined ‘integrativeness’. Research conducted to reach common operationalisation is very limited. Hence, our objective this s...