although intellectual property rights (iprs) in this era specially after the constitution of world trade organization (wto) have been concerned from economic and commercialization point of view, human rights perspective to iprs has been increased and so, human rights groups have highlighted certain challenges between iprs and human rights, have tried to adjust economic perspective and have soug...

December 31, 1999, in addition to being the last day of the 20 century, was the deadline for all but the least-developed countries to comply with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requirements of the WTO for extending and harmonizing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Many countries have complied in full while others are in process in some regards, but virtually...

A new and comprehensive treaty on intellectual property rights was established in 1994, within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It is called the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-the TRIPS agreement for short. It requires all WTO member countries to adopt in their laws minimum standards of protection for patents, trademarks, copyrights and ot...

a r t i c l e i n f o Inspired by the Chinese experience, we develop a Schumpeterian growth model of distance to frontier in which economic growth in the developing country is driven by domestic innovation as well as imitation and transfer of foreign technologies through foreign direct investment. We show that optimal intellectual property rights (IPR) protection is stage-dependent. At an early...

Intellectual property rights (IPR) of computer software is the right to assign the software to its creator, not limited to time and space, and non-transferable. Proving IPR of the creators of computer software requires a rigorous review of the ways in which these rights may be violated. The present study was conducted by comparing two populations in Iran with the aim of identifying the level of...

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the design of a highly flexible, electronic market place for learning resources called UNIVERSAL Brokerage Platform (UBP). Integrating learning resource related data in a semi-automatic way demands a flexible data model. The main components of an educational brokerage platform are learning resources, agents, intellectual property rights, and delivery s...

Much of the value of firms in the digital economy is in the intellectual capital of their assets. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) provide tools to extract value from intellectual capital. Not surprisingly, we are seeing firms trying to secure more and more rights in their intellectual property. It has become common e.g. to file patents for firm’s business method. On the other hand, there is...

The high profile investment claims filed by Philip Morris challenging Uruguayan and Australian measures that restrict advertising and logos on tobacco packaging awakened the public health community to the existence and potential detrimental impact of international investment agreements (IIAs). More recently, Eli Lilly challenged Canada's invalidation of a pharmaceutical patent under an IIA. All...