[54] MICROORGANISMS HAVING MULTIPLE COMPATIBLE DEGRADATIVE ENERGY-GENERATING PLASMIDS AND PREPARATION THEREOF [75] Inventor: Aanada M. Chakrabarty, Latham, N.Y. [73] Assignee: General Electric Company Schenectady, N.Y. [21] Appl. No.: 207,563 [22] Filed:....................................... Jan. 7, 1972 [51] Int. Cl. .....................................C12N 15/00 [52] US Cl. ..........435/17...

Industrial design is one of the intellectual property categories, which is created by an individual using his mind ‘the intellect”. Industrial design plays an important part in the marketability of products. This ornamental or aesthetic feature of products could differentiate one product from another, both having similar function. Everything produced by man involves an element of design whether...

Digital Rights Management is a fairly recent technology — it came into use only in the mid 1990s. Nevertheless, it has already lived through a life cycle of ups and downs that many technologies would require decades for. Digital Rights Management, or DRM, has been called “the saviour” of intellectual property rights as well as “completely useless” in protecting assets; it has been said that it ...

Would global patent protection be too weak without international coordination? Would it be too strong with the international coordination mandated by the TRIPS agreement (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)? I try to answer these questions using a model of patent-setting game between governments. I introduce firm-biased government preferences and trade barriers, ...

This paper examines the linkages between the system that society uses to incentivize R&D by private innovators in the area of crop improvement on the one hand and the environment on the other. This examination is an important addition to the technology-assessment exercise conducted in the context of transgenic crops since it focuses on the organization of the R&D process rather than on the outp...

To what extent and in what form should the intellectual property rights (IPR) of innovators be protected? Should a company with a large technology lead over its rivals receive the same IPR protection as a company with a more limited advantage? The analysis of these questions necessitates a dynamic framework for the study of the interactions between IPR and competition, in particular to understa...

This paper examines how multinational corporations (MNCs) protect their research and development (R&D) activities that are conducted in weak intellectual property rights (IPR) regime countries. Findings from a small scale survey and three case studies in China show that hierarchical segmentation of R&D process can be an effective way for MNC R&D labs to protect their intellectual property. Furt...

This paper analyzes the main economic issues of intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A retrospective view on the establishment of the TRIPS (traderelated aspects of intellectual property rights) Agreement, a still controversial accomplishment of the Uruguay Round of trade liberalization, is provided. The paper reviews the economic ...

International patent protection was a key issue at the multilateral trade talks sponsored by the World Trade Organization in Cancun in September 2003. Indeed, since the organization was founded almost ten years ago, the international protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) has been a bone of contention between developing and industrialized countries.At that time, developing countries d...