This paper analyzes the effectiveness of international interventions through their impact on exchange rates. If a specific intervention actually increases (decreases) a country’s economic and political stability, then its currency should appreciate (depreciate). Estimates suggest that peacekeeping forces in Lebanon caused long-run appreciations, while economic sanctions imposed upon South Afric...

many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  thus, they, in turn, have ha...

Recently, international human rights leaders have renewed the call for advocacy on economic, social, and cultural rights and suggested partnerships with local organizations. The Thai Drug Users' Network (TDN) promotes the human rights of a marginalized and medically underserved population within Thailand. It also works internationally to reduce drugrelated harms. Thus, TDN transcends a strict l...

Various human rights are widely recognized in codified and customary international law. These human rights promise all human beings protection against specific severe harms that might be inflicted on them domestically or by foreigners. Yet, international law also establishes and maintains institutional structures that greatly contribute to violations of these human rights: fundamental component...

(This paper was originally presented at the 11th Conference of Non-governmental Organizations in Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (Genève, July 1969) under another title and in connection with the Agenda Item : The Second Development Decade — Opportunities and Co-operation for NGO Participation) The next ten years, the period of the United Nations Second D...

review of studies indicates that development endeavors in science, technology and innovation (sti) arenas are counted as main accelerators of economic growth and social welfare. for that, governments and international organizations increasingly see the evaluation of science, technology and innovation as an important agenda for their policy and action. this article goes to employ document study ...

This paper is designed as a further building block to arrive at a theory of networking among international governmental organizations. It is inspired by the puzzle that theoryoriented IR research has so far neglected rivalry as a constitutive pattern of relations among international organizations although rich empirical case studies of networking among the Euro-Atlantic security institutions po...

Indeed, over the last few decades, a multiplicity of social “actors” (including institutions, enterprises, non-profit organisations, as well as individual citizens and their associations) have proved themselves capable of acting outside of the mainstream economic models and, in so doing, provide benchmarks that might well provide the answers to the most pressing concerns and challenges of our t...