recent versions of international high-stakes tests like toefl and ielts have made use of integrated tasks in addition to the traditional independent tasks in a claim to provide a more realistic estimation of the test takers’ language abilities. the present study aimed to investigate how test takers’ performance may differ on such tasks. as such, the test takers’ performance was compared on ielt...

control room is the heart of each system in which even a minor error can result in irrecoverable consequences. the purpose of this study was to determine the probable control modes (pcms) and cognitive failure probability (cfp), and also build a cognitive demands profile (cdp) in a petrochemical control room, using cognitive reliability and error analysis technique (cream). first, tasks of boar...

The “interpretation” framework in pattern recognition (PR) arises in the many cases in which the more classical paradigm of “classification” is not properly applicable generally because the number of classes is rather large or simply because the concept of “class” does not hold. A very general way of representing the results of interpretations of given objects or data is in terms of sentences o...

background: the comprehension processes are often inferred or explored indirectly through the assessment of the performance of the students on certain tasks. comprehension is typically measured by the techniques in which the test-taker reads a short text and then selects the correct answers in multiple choice questions, true/false and yes/no tasks or matching activities. purpose: a new approach...

Automatic metaphor identification and interpretation in text have been traditionally considered as two separate tasks in natural language processing (NLP) and addressed individually within computational frameworks. However, cognitive evidence suggests that humans are likely to perform these two tasks simultaneously, as part of a holistic metaphor comprehension process. We present a novel method...

The studies on the merits of processing instruction (PI) and output-based instruction (OI) have mostly treated the two approaches as mutually exclusive. To address the potentials of combining interpretation and production activities, this research compared the two isolated approaches of PI and OI with two combined approaches in which processing and output tasks were used in two opposite orders ...