Background: Degenerative primary osteoarthritis is one of the commonest causes of pain in peripheral joints. This is commonly seen in the knee and hip joints. Replacement of these worn out joints is now the established treatment, which gives stable pain free mobile joints. Arthrodesis or fusion of worn out joints is now rarely performed. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is a common cause...

  Even though intervertebral disc degeneration can be found in the natural course of alkaptonuria, detection of the disease by black disc color change in a patient without any other presentation of alkaptonuria is an exceptionally rare condition. We have reported a very rare case of alkaptonuria presented with low back pain and steppage gait in a 51-year-old male with a complaint of chronic low...

INTRODUCTION: Disc degeneration is a natural process and is widely prevalent. The level of disc degeneration and the type of treatment varies from person to person. Fusion is a commonly chosen treatment option. However clinical and biomechanical studies have shown that spinal levels adjacent to a fusion experience increased motion and higher stress which may lead to adjacent-segment disease [1]...

BACKGROUND To evaluate the correlation between vertebral endplate change and the level of lumbar disc degeneration via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 345 patients who were recruited from our hospital from May 2012 to May 2016 were evaluated for the presence of intervertebral disc degeneration or herniation. The degree of degeneration was assessed according to ...

We examine a simple hard disk fluid with no long range interactions on the two-dimensional space of constant negative Gaussian curvature, the hyperbolic plane. This geometry provides a natural mechanism by which global crystalline order is frustrated, allowing us to construct a tractable model of disordered monodisperse hard disks. We extend free-area theory and the virial expansion to this reg...