Introduction: In health, the intervertebral disc is generally avascular and sparsely innervated. Those few nerves and blood vessels present are generally restricted to the outer areas of the annulus fibrosus where they lie predominantly between concentric layers of matrix (called lamellae). During disc degeneration, however, many more nerves are seen within the annulus, often in association wit...

cluding cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, and enzyme inhibitors, in a paracrine or/and autocrine fashion.1,2 Anabolic regulators include polypeptide growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).1–4 Other small molecules, such as the synthetic peptide of link protein, have also been reported to be reg...

Disc Degeneration: Spondylosis (Spondylosis Deformans) is a general term used for age-related changes to the disc. This includes disc dessication, bulging and marginal osteophyte. Disc degeneration (Intervertebral osteochondrosis) (Resnick) is characterized by disorganization and dessication of the nucleus pulposis and by disc space narrowing. With loss of disc space height there is annular bul...

One in four adults the US suffer from cartilage degeneration of Intervertebral Disc (DDD) or load bearing joints (DJD). Since is avascular, it has a limited regenerative capacity. Conventional non-surgical treatments provide brief symptomatic relief, have sided effects, and do not address defect itself. As such, new alternatives are needed. Perinatal birth tissue allografts novel frontier for b...

STUDY DESIGN Investigation of the effects of the impairment of different nutritional pathways on the intervertebral disc degeneration patterns in terms of spatial distributions of cell density, glycosaminoglycan content, and water content. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that impairment of different nutritional pathways would result in different degenerative pattern...

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of low back pain, a problem with a heavy economic burden, which has been increasing in prevalence as populations age. Deeper knowledge of the complex spatial and temporal orchestration of cellular interactions and extracellular matrix remodelling is critical to improve current IVD therapies, which have so far proved unsatisfactor...

STUDY DESIGN A kinematic analysis of cervical intervertebral disc deformation during simulated whiplash using the whole cervical spine with muscle force replication model was performed. OBJECTIVES To quantify anulus fibrosus fiber strain, disc shear strain, and axial disc deformation in the cervical spine during simulated whiplash. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Clinical studies have documented...