We propose a model in which industry conditions influence the relative advantages of new and established firms as innovators. Using a unique data set of commercialization attempts of inventions simultaneously at risk of commercialization by both new and established firms, we find that industry characteristics including the number of firms in the industry, the size of the market, the availabilit...

Recently, questions about gender gaps in science have extended to academic technology transfer. Using systematic data on US medical school faculty, we capture both behavior and performance, examining the hypothesis that women are less likely than men to commercialize their research findings. We pooled faculty invention data from ten departments in three Academic Health Centers from 1991 to 1998...