I argue that in quantum field theory: i) the scheme-invariant area ∆a of the graph of the effective beta function between the fixed points defines the length of the RG flow; ii) the minimum of ∆a in the space of flows connecting the same UV and IR fixed points defines the (oriented) distance between the fixed points; iii) in even dimensions, the distance between the fixed points is equal to ∆a ...

Disorder among surface spins is a dominant factor in the magnetic response of magnetic nanoparticle systems. In this work, we examine time-dependent magnetization in high-quality, monodisperse hollow maghemite nanoparticles (NPs) with a 14.8 ± 0.5 nm outer diameter and enhanced surface-to-volume ratio. The nanoparticle ensemble exhibits spin-glass-like signatures in dc magnetic aging and memory...

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namen...

Civil and Environmental Engineering) Intermittency and Irreversibility in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System

Investments in abatement technology are often characterised by irreversibility and significant implementation lags, whereas emissions permits can be traded at any time. As such, permit trading systems hardly perfect substitutes. We formally study the flexibility of propose a unified framework to rationalise impact both investment/divestment lags relation price permits. Using option pricing conc...

In a macroscopic (quantum or classical) Hamiltonian system, we prove the second law of thermodynamics in the forms of the minimum work principle and the law of entropy increase, under the assumption that the initial state is described by a general equilibrium distribution. Therefore the second law is a logical necessity once we accept equilibrium statistical mechanics. Note added (December, 200...

In this study, the thermodynamic performance of a combined gas turbine system equipped with tubular solid oxide fuel cell and hydrogen was investigated. All components were separately modeled using relations. The simulation results showed that efficiency decreased an increase in inlet temperature, whereas power increased. addition, increasing temperature entering pressure ratio increased produc...

In this study, Entropy generation in MHD convective flow past a flat porous oscillating plate with suction or injection are presented for an unsteady, one-dimensional of viscous incompressible fluid. The importance is noticed industrial and scientific fields including heat transfer thermal systems which includes dissipation, chemical reaction, mass transfer, electrical conduction etc. role para...