among concepts influencing jurist’s verdicts notably areharm and hardship. what is for certain is that doing aharmful act is null and void. however, there is adisagreement among jurists as to veraciousness of an actdone under hardship. comparing it with harmful acts,some believe in its annulment. some other arguments arepresented for annulment, but all of them suffer from someproblems. criticiz...

BOLGER, KERRY E.; PATTERSON, CHARLOTTE J.; THOMPSON, WILLIAM W.; and KUPERSMIDT, JANIS B. Psychosocial Adjustment among Children Experiencing Persistent and Intermittent Family Economic Hardship. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1995, 66, 1107-1129. Much research on family economic hardship and its effects on children has been cross-sectional in nature, has focused primarily on white children, and has assess...

BACKGROUND We examined a model of multiple mediating pathways of income poverty, material hardship, parenting factors, and child health status to understand how material hardship and parental factors mediate the effects of poverty on child health. We hypothesized that: (a) poverty will be directly associated with material hardship, parental depression, and health status, and indirectly with par...

Using data from the 2008 and 2010 waves of the Health and Retirement Study to analyze the determinants of material hardship among individuals ages sixty-five and older, I look at five self-reported hardships: food insecurity, skipped meals, medication cutbacks, difficulty paying bills, and dissatisfaction with one's financial situation. One-fifth of the elderly report one or more of these hards...

BACKGROUND This study examines health-related "hardship financing" in order to get better insights on how poor households finance their out-of-pocket healthcare costs. We define hardship financing as having to borrow money with interest or to sell assets to pay out-of-pocket healthcare costs. METHODS Using survey data of 5,383 low-income households in Orissa, one of the poorest states of Indi...

The study examined the association of childhood and current economic hardship with anthropometric indices in Hispanic/Latino adults, using data from the HCHS/SOL Socio-cultural ancillary study (N = 5,084), a community-based study of Hispanic/Latinos living in four urban areas (Bronx, NY, Chicago, IL, Miami, FL, and San Diego, CA). Childhood economic hardship was defined as having experienced a ...

BACKGROUND In the quest for biological mechanisms underlying socioeconomic differences in health outcomes, attention has turned to the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. As there is some evidence that both acute and chronic stress raise cortisol levels, and material hardship is a stressor, we examined the relationship of chronic material hardship with salivary cortisol leve...

A recent Ontario arbitral award is reshaping the way employers and employees must approach the legal duty to accommodate employees with disabilities in the workplace. Entrenched in both federal and provincial human rights legislation, the duty to accommodate imposes a legal obligation on employers to accommodate employees with disabilities unless such accommodation would cause undue hardship on...