As early as 1900, Louis Bachelier had proposed using Brownian motion as a model for security prices. As insightful as it was, this model is somewhat re­ strictive. For example it allows stock price to be negative. A more appropriate and accepted model is to assume that stock prices follow a general Ito process Xt = X e t e t 0 + μsds + σ dB s s 0 0 , where μ, σ are adapted processes. Suppose we...

Wickenden, A. D., T. J. Jegla, R. Kaprielian, and P. H. Backx. Regional contributions of Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3 to transient outward K1 current in rat ventricle. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 45): H1599–H1607, 1999.—The aim of the present study was to assess differences in transient outward potassium current (Ito) between the right ventricular free wall and the interventricular sep...

In the normal carp livers, Ito cells (fat-storing cells) could be identified with light and electron microscope within the hepatic sinusoidal wall and actually in the Disse's space, but they were almost lacking lipid droplets in the cytoplasm (empty Ito cells) in contrast to the majority of vertebrate species. After administration of large doses of vitamin A, fat droplets appeared in hypertroph...

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) show promise as a cheaper alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics for specialized applications, provided conversion efficiency can be maximized and production costs minimized. This study demonstrates that arrays of nanowires can be formed by wet-chemical methods for use as three-dimensional (3D) electrodes in DSSCs, thereby improving photoelectric conversio...

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a well-known n-type degenerate semiconductor with a wide variety of electronic and optoelectronic applications. Herein ITO is utilized as a photocathode material in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells in place of the commonly applied and highly colored nickel oxide (NiO) semiconductor. The application of mesoporous ITO photocathodes, [Fe(acac)3] as a redox mediator and a...

In this paper, we report a buffering method of improving the quality of ITO thin ®lms on glass by r.f. magnetron sputtering. By applying a ZnO buffer before the ITO deposition in the same run of sputtering, ITO ®lms showed single (111)-oriented highly textured structure, while ITO ®lms showed mixed-oriented polycrystalline structure on bare glass. A design of experiment was taken out to minimiz...

Transparent conductive indium tin oxide thin films with thickness around 200 nm were deposited on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition technology. The microstructure and the electrical and optical properties of the ITO films deposited under different oxygen pressures and substrate temperatures were systematically investigated. Distinct different x-ray diffraction patterns revealed that t...

Zhiguo Meng H ua jun P eng C huny a W u C hengfeng Q iu K uen K uen L i Ma n W ong H oi S ing K w ok Abstract — Direct deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film on color filters is of practical use in the fabrication of state-of-the-art flat-panel displays. Room -tem perature dc m agnetron sputtering of thin-film ITO and issues related to the integration of ITO-on-glass panels containing m...

We investigated the electrical contact characteristics of indium tin oxide (ITO)/doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) junctions. For efficient collection of photo-generated carriers, photovoltaic and photodetector devices require good ohmic contacts with transparent electrodes. The amorphous-Si thin films were sputter deposited on ITO coated glass substrates. As-deposited p-type a-Si:H...