Institutions that rely on joint liability to facilitate lending to the poor have a long history and are now a common feature of many developing countries. Economists have proposed several theories of joint-liability lending that stress various aspects of its informational and enforcement advantages over other forms of lending. This paper analyzes how joint-liability lending promotes screening, ...

Dynamics are inherent characteristics of batch processes, and they may exist not only within a particular batch, but also from batch to batch. To model and monitor such two-dimensional (2D) batch dynamics, two-dimensional dynamic principal component analysis (2D-DPCA) has been developed. However, the original 2D-DPCA calculates the monitoring control limits based on the multivariate Gaussian di...

In this paper we present why tele-monitoring is a promising application domain for Ubiquitous Computing. We discuss how the characteristics of ubiquitous information systems can be applied in the design of tele-monitoring applications and what special conditions and problems have to be regarded. Finally, we present the results of the implementation of such an application realized in a joint res...

We design an experiment to study the role of (a)symmetry in context group lending with joint liability. The performance joint-liability contracts crucially hinges on borrowers engaging peer monitoring. find that asymmetric contracts, which monitoring is a dominant strategy for one borrower, increase rate, and thus repayment rate performance. Moreover, symmetric contracting also increases expect...

We evaluate the impact of joint-liability incentives in the classroom using a randomized field experiment. The instructor designs groups of three students in the classroom and provides a premium to their homework's grade only if all three members of the group meet some requirements. To isolate the joint-liability effect from selfish motivations, we also design an individual incentives treatment...

Butt welding is an important link to ensure quality, and the penetration state of weld main criterion achieve this. Online monitoring control welded joints measure quality. The molten pool image monitored by a visual sensor in gas metal arc (GMAW) process, bottom width predicted regression network model. Combined with real-time method, current changed monitor real time. Butt-welding experiments...

The pedobarography method makes it possible to objectify the dynamics of restoring functional capacity an injured limb. value is gaining popularity in determining results surgical treatment patients with ankle joint injuries. details pedobarographic monitoring during allow obtain digital indices, which careful statistical analysis can significantly improve not only diagnostic process, but also ...